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	bibo:abstract "This study evaluated the content validity of the newly developed Middle Leader Digital Leadership instrument, which was designed to measure seven dimensions of digital leadership among middle leaders in Malaysian primary schools. Quantitative content validity design was employed, and seven experts in educational technology, curriculum design, educational leadership, and psychometrics were selected through  purposive sampling. The experts independently reviewed 35 items for relevance, clarity, and construct alignment using a four-point rating scale. The Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.71 to 1.00, while the Scale-Level Content Validity Index based on average agreement (S-CVI/Ave) was high across all seven dimensions (0.94-0.97). Modified kappa statistics further indicated substantial to  perfect expert agreement for most items, although one item in the Vision and Goal Setting dimension required revision due to low chance-corrected agreement. Overall, the findings provide strong preliminary evidence that the instrument is content-valid and contextually  appropriate for assessing middle leaders' digital leadership competencies in Malaysian primary schools. The instrument may support self-assessment, targeted professional development, policy implementation, and school-level digital transformation planning. However, the study is limited to expert-based content validation. Future research should conduct pilot testing, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, reliability testing, and assessments of convergent and discriminant validity using a larger sample of middle leaders."^^xsd:string;
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