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<http://eprints.iab.edu.my/v2/id/eprint/203> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/abstract> "Kajian diskriptif ini bertujuan untuk meninjau tahap amalan pengupayaan pengurus pertengahan di sekolah menengah di bandar Johor Bahru dalam aspek tanggungjawab, membuat keputusan, penetapan matlamat dan penyelesaian masalah. Kajian ini juga melihat perbezaan tahap penglibatan pengurus pertengahan dalam amalan pengupayaan berdasarkan kedudukan jawatan, jantina dan pandangannya terhadap amalan pengupayaan. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 60 orang pengurus pertengahan dari tiga buah sekolah menengah di bandar Johor Bahru. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah soal selidik. Hasil kajian rintis yang dijalankan memberi nilal alfa Cronbach 0.9368. Data yang dikumpul dianalisis menggunakan 'Statistical Packages For Social Sciences' (SPSS) dan dapatan dilaporkan dalam bentuk deskriptif (peratusan dan mm) dan inferensi (ujian-t). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurus pertengahan terlibat pada tahap yang tinggi dalam aspek tanggungjawab dan penetapan matlamat. Manakala dalam aspek membuat keputusan dan penyelesaian masalah berada di tahap sederhana. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan tahap penglibatan dalam amalan pengupayaan berdasarkan kedudukan jawatan dan juga jantina. Dari segi pandangan pula, pengurus pertengahan mempunyai pandangan yang positif terhadap amalan pengupayaan di sekolah. Dicadangkan agar amalan pengupayaan ini dipertingkatkan lagi melalui latihan dan bimbingan kepada pengurus pertengahan. "^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
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